A team of researchers led by the University of College London (UCL) has discovered over 200 genes linked to depression in a worldwide study. The team found more than 50 new genetic loci and 205 novel genes that are associated with depression, in the first large-scale global study of the genetics of major depression in participants of diverse ancestry groups.
The study also showcased the potential for drug repurposing, as one of the identified genes encodes a protein targeted by a common diabetes drug.
The findings are published in Nature Genetics in an article titled, “Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of major depression aids locus discovery, fine mapping, gene prioritization, and causal inference.”
“Most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of major depression (MD) have been conducted in samples of European ancestry,” the researchers wrote. “Here we report a multi-ancestry GWAS of MD, adding data from 21 cohorts with 88,316 MD cases and 902,757 controls to previously reported data.”
The new study involved multiple genetic research methods including genome-wide association studies, a meta-analysis of previously published data, and a transcriptome-wide association study. The international research team reviewed genetic data from 21 study cohorts from several countries and included nearly one million study participants of African, East Asian, South Asian, and Hispanic/Latin American descent, including 88,316 people with major depression.
The study showcased some genes with potential implications for drug development, such as NDUFAF3. The protein that NDUFAF3 encodes has been implicated previously in mood instability, and it is targeted by metformin, the first-line drug for treating type 2 diabetes. Animal studies of metformin have suggested a possible link with reduced depression and anxiety, so this latest finding further suggests that additional research into metformin and depression may be warranted.
Other genes identified in the study may have biologically plausible links with depression, such as a gene linked to a neurotransmitter involved in goal-directed behavior, and genes encoding a type of protein previously linked with multiple neurological conditions.
The researchers found less overlap in the genetic hits for depression across ancestry groups than expected, at about 30% (based on a new method developed by the research team, to gauge the degree to which a genetic association found in one ancestry group is applicable to another ancestry group), which is less overlap than previously found for other traits and diseases. Therefore, it is even more important to study depression in diverse samples because some of the findings might be ancestry specific.
Lead author Karoline Kuchenbaecker, PhD, professor, UCL psychiatry and UCL genetics institute, said: “Here we show beyond doubt that our understanding of such complex diseases as depression will remain incomplete until we overcome the Eurocentric bias in genetics research and look for causes in diverse people across the world.
“Many genes previously found to be linked to the risk of depression might only actually affect depression risk in people of European origin, so in order for genetic research to contribute to new drugs that can help people of all ancestries, it is vital that our genetic datasets are suitably diverse.”
Kuchenbaecker added: “This is a first stage discovery effort, so more work will be needed to confirm these new targets, but finding them in the first place has been a huge and vital challenge, especially for a disorder where new medications are so urgently needed.”
Rohit Malhotra is a medical expert and health journalist who offers evidence-based advice on fitness, nutrition, and mental well-being. His articles aim to help readers lead healthier lives.
