In a new study published in Nature Astronomy, scientists from the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have unveiled new insights into the formation of diamonds within the icy giants of our solar system, Neptune and Uranus.
This research suggests that the phenomenon known as “diamond rain” occurs at lower pressures and temperatures than previously believed, shedding light on the complex magnetic fields of these distant worlds.
SLAC scientist Mungo Frost, who spearheaded the research, explained the significance of diamond rain, noting its potential to influence the internal dynamics and composition of Neptune and Uranus. “It might kick off movements within the conductive ices found on these planets, influencing the generation of their magnetic fields,” Frost stated.
The team’s innovative experiments were conducted at the European X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facility in Germany. By subjecting a plastic film made of polystyrene, a carbon source, to the intense conditions that mimic the interiors of icy planets, they observed the formation of diamonds over extended periods.
The use of a ‘diamond anvil cell’ allowed the researchers to apply sustained pressure, while high-energy X-rays heated the material beyond 2200 degrees Celsius.
The findings indicate that diamond formation can begin at shallower depths within Uranus and Neptune, potentially affecting their magnetic fields, which are notably asymmetrical and differ from Earth’s.
As diamonds precipitate through the planets’ layers, they may drag gas and ice along, stirring conductive ice and creating currents that could drive the magnetic fields.
Moreover, this discovery opens up the possibility of diamond rain occurring on smaller gas planets, known as “mini-Neptunes,” which are abundant outside our solar system.
The implications of this research extend beyond our local celestial neighbors, offering a window into the processes that may occur on exoplanets.
Looking ahead, the research team plans to conduct further experiments to refine their understanding of how diamond rain shapes the characteristics of various planetary bodies. Siegfried Glenzer, SLAC’s High Energy Density Director, emphasised the broader impact of the study: “This groundbreaking discovery not only deepens our knowledge of our local icy planets but also holds implications for understanding similar processes in exoplanets beyond our solar system.”
Shambhu Kumar is a science communicator, making complex scientific topics accessible to all. His articles explore breakthroughs in various scientific disciplines, from space exploration to cutting-edge research.
