Marine sponges are facing a growing problem as they are dying in large numbers in coastal areas worldwide. Recent incidents of sponge death have occurred in New Zealand and the Mediterranean Sea, and researchers have finally discovered the underlying cause. These sponges play a vital role in recycling important elements such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. They do this through their close association, or “symbiosis,” with various microbes that live in their tissue. The microbes act as “life partners” to the sponges, providing energy, recycling nutrients, and producing beneficial molecules. In a recent study, it was found that the death of sponges is likely due to the sudden loss of a specific microbe at high temperatures. This microbe is crucial for removing toxic ammonia from the sponge’s tissues, and without it, the sponge cannot survive.
The study focused on the tropical sponge species Stylissa flabelliformis, which was exposed to current average summer temperatures and temperatures predicted for 2100. After eight weeks in the warmer water, the sponges died, and the key microbe responsible for ammonia removal was completely absent from their tissues. This confirmed that no other microbe was able to perform this vital function, leading to the death of the sponges. In contrast, the sponges kept at current temperatures remained healthy, with the usual microbes present in their tissues.
Marine sponges are ancient creatures found in oceans worldwide, and their symbiotic relationship with microbes has contributed to their ecological success. These microbes provide essential molecules, such as vitamins, to the sponge host and help break down chemicals to reduce toxicity. They also produce molecules with potential benefits for humans, such as anti-cancer drugs and antimicrobial agents. However, human activities and increasing temperatures due to climate change pose a threat to this symbiosis. Recent heatwaves have caused tissue damage and bleaching in sponges, potentially disrupting the symbiotic relationship and leading to the death of these organisms.
The study’s findings highlight the vulnerability of sponges and their microbial partners to temperature changes. The 3℃ temperature rise observed in the study reflects current extreme events in nature, and these events are predicted to become more frequent and severe as climate change continues. This is troubling news for the thousands of sponge species around the world and the ecosystems they support. Sponges are not only crucial for marine biodiversity but also harbor microbes that could hold potential in fighting diseases and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is essential to take immediate action to protect these unassuming creatures and their microbial partners for the sake of our oceans and our own well-being.
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Shambhu Kumar is a science communicator, making complex scientific topics accessible to all. His articles explore breakthroughs in various scientific disciplines, from space exploration to cutting-edge research.
